Relato de caso clínico de preenchimento labial com ácido hialurônico e avaliações volumétricas através de software de análise facial 3d / Clinical case report of hyaluronic acid lip filler and volumetric evaluations using 3d facial analysis software / Reporte de caso clínico de relleno labial con ácido hialurónico y evaluaciones volumétricas utilizando software de análisis facial 3d

A análise facial consiste em uma etapa importante do diagnóstico e avaliação dos resultados obtidos na harmonização orofacial. Para avaliação dos resultados de procedimentos estéticos, fotografias são muito utilizadas, porém novas ferramentas são necessárias para facilitar a visualização dos pacientes quanto aos ganhos estéticos. Os scanners faciais 3D surgem como alternativa para tal finalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, através de fotografias e escaneamento 3D da face, o ganho de volume labial após intervenção de preenchimento. A paciente apresentava insatisfação com relação aos seus lábios. Durante a avaliação, constatou-se ausência de volume e contorno labial. Antes de iniciar o procedimento, realizou-se protocolo fotográfico e escaneamento facial (E1). Para o procedimento, foi utilizada uma seringa de 1 mL de ácido hialurônico. O escaneamento foi feito no pós-imediato (E2), após 10 dias (E3) e após 40 dias da intervenção (E4). Nesta mesma consulta após 40 dias, foi realizado injeção da segunda seringa de ácido hialurônico escaneamento do pós-imediato (E5). Após 40 dias, a paciente voltou (E6). Após análise comparativa das malhas, foi possível verificar ganho de 3 mm entre E1 e E2. Na comparação do pré (E1) e após 10 dias (E3), verificou-se volumização total de 1,85 mm, demonstrando que quase 40% do volume no pós-imediato é edema. Em E6, após 40 dias da aplicação da segunda seringa, foi possível quantificar ganho de 2,12 mm no lábio superior quando comparado a E1. Pode-se concluir que o escaneamento 3D contribui expressivamente para avaliação dos resultados alcançados em procedimentos estéticos.

Facial analysis is an important stage in the diagnosis and evaluation of the results obtained in orofacial harmonization. To evaluate the results of aesthetic procedures, photographs are widely used, but new tools are needed to facilitate patient visualization of aesthetic gains. 3D facial scanners have emerged as an alternative for this purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze, by means of photographs and 3D facial scanning, the labial volume gain after a filling intervention. The patient was dissatisfied with her lips. During the evaluation, it was observed the absence of lip volume and contour. Before starting the procedure, a photographic protocol and facial scanning (S1) were performed. A 1 mL syringe of hyaluronic acid was used for the procedure. The scanning was done post-immediately (S2), 10 days (S3) and 40 days after the intervention (S4). In the same appointment after 40 days, the second syringe of hyaluronic acid was injected and scanned post-immediate (S5). After 40 days, the patient returned (E6). After comparative mesh analysis, it was possible to verify a 3 mm gain between S1 and S2. In the comparison of pre (S1) and after 10 days (S3), there was a total volumization of 1.85 mm, showing that almost 40% of the volume in the post-immediate period is edema. In S6, 40 days after the application of the second syringe, it was possible to quantify a gain of 2.12 mm in the upper lip when compared to S1. It can be concluded that 3D scanning contributes expressively to the evaluation of the results achieved in aesthetic procedures.

El análisis facial es una etapa importante en el diagnóstico y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos en la armonización orofacial. Para evaluar los resultados de los procedimientos estéticos, las fotografías son ampliamente utilizadas, pero se necesitan nuevas herramientas que faciliten al paciente la visualización de las ganancias estéticas. Los escáneres faciales 3D han surgido como una alternativa para este fin. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, mediante fotografías y escaneado facial 3D, la ganancia de volumen labial tras una intervención de relleno. La paciente estaba insatisfecha con sus labios. Durante la evaluación, se observó la ausencia de volumen y contorno labial. Antes de iniciar el procedimiento, se realizó un protocolo fotográfico y un escaneado facial (S1). Para el procedimiento se utilizó una jeringa de 1 ml de ácido hialurónico. La exploración se realizó inmediatamente después (S2), a los 10 días (S3) y a los 40 días de la intervención (S4). En la misma consulta, a los 40 días, se realizó la inyección de la segunda jeringa de ácido hialurónico tras la exploración inmediata (S5). A los 40 días, la paciente regresó (E6). Tras el análisis comparativo de las mallas, se pudo comprobar una ganancia de 3 mm entre S1 y S2. En la comparación del pre (S1) y después de 10 días (S3), hubo una volumización total de 1,85 mm, demostrando que casi 40% del volumen post-immediato es edema. En S6, 40 días después de la aplicación de la segunda jeringa, fue posible cuantificar una ganancia de 2,12 mm en el labio superior en comparación con S1. Se puede concluir que el escaneo 3D contribuye expresivamente para la evaluación de los resultados alcanzados en procedimientos estéticos.

Sarm1-mediated neurodegeneration within the enteric nervous system protects against local inflammation of the colon

Axonal degeneration is one of the key features of neurodegenerative disorders. In the canonical view, axonal degeneration destructs neural connections and promotes detrimental disease defects. Here, we assessed the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the mouse, non-human primate, and human by advanced 3D imaging. We observed the profound neurodegeneration of catecholaminergic axons in human colons with ulcerative colitis, and similarly, in mouse colons during acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. However, we unexpectedly revealed that blockage of such axonal degeneration by the Sarm1 deletion in mice exacerbated the colitis condition. In contrast, pharmacologic ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of catecholaminergic axons suppressed the colon inflammation. We further showed that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine exerted a pro-inflammatory function by enhancing the expression of IL-17 cytokines. Together, this study demonstrated that Sarm1-mediated neurodegeneration within the ENS mitigated local inflammation of the colon, uncovering a previously-unrecognized beneficial role of axonal degeneration in this disease context.

Research and application of tissue optical clearing technique / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Whole-body cell analysis of organisms is one of the major challenges in biomedicine. Tissue optical clearing technique combined with optical imaging and image processing technique can make the whole organ or the body transparent rapidly for structural and cellular analyses, providing a very promising solution for the application of advanced optical technique in life science. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the principle and process of tissue optical clearing technique, to summarize the research progress of tissue optical clearing technique, to present imaging technology for tissue clearing, and to discuss the application of tissue optical clearing technique in biomedical researches. METHODS: The first author searched relevant literatures in PubMed database with the keywords of “tissue optical clearing technique, tissue optical clearing, whole-body imaging and 3D imaging”. A total of 168 articles were initially retrieved. After sorting and screening systematically, 72 literatures were included for analysis, summary and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Current tissue optical clearing protocols are divided into two groups: solvent-based clearing methods and hydrophilic reagent-based clearing methods. Tissue clearing is usually conducted by the following steps: (a) tissue fixation, (b) permeabilization, (c) decolorization, and (d) refractive index matching. Tissue optical clearing technique can rapidly transform tissue into an optically transparent form, improving imaging depth and contrast. Combined with microscope imaging techniques such as confocal, two-photon and light sheet microscopes, tissue clearing can achieve 3D imaging of the whole organ or body at cellular resolution, accelerating the process of whole-body cell analysis of organisms. Tissue optical clearing technique will continue to evolve in the future, promote the development of new clearing reagents and clearing optimized microscopes, further enhance the acquisition of structural and molecular information from intact systems and contribute to the comprehensive understanding of whole biological systems.

Advanced Medical Use of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease: Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Virtual Reality, and Three-Dimensional Printing

Comparison of maxillomandibular asymmetries in adult patients presenting different sagittal jaw relationships

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims at using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to analyze the maxillomandibular characteristics present in adults with mandibular asymmetries and different sagittal jaw relationships. Methods: 360 patients were selected and divided into three groups (Class I, Class II, and Class III), with 120 individuals per group. The groups were then subdivided according to the intensity of lateral deviation of the gnathion point, into: 1) relative symmetry, 2) moderate asymmetry, and 3) severe asymmetry. Three planes of reference were established in the CBCT images and several measurements were taken to compare the bilateral skeletal differences between the intensities of asymmetry for the different sagittal jaw relationships. Results: When the groups were compared by the intensity of asymmetry, significant differences among patients with relative symmetry and moderate to severe asymmetry were found. This was especially noticed for severe asymmetry, suggesting that the deviation of the chin did not constitute the only morphological alteration for these patients, especially because a series of measurements showed significant bilateral differences. When comparing sagittal jaw relationships, the only significant finding was the vertical positioning of the gonion between Class II and III patients with severe asymmetry. Conclusions: When comparing the three sagittal jaw relationships with the same intensity of asymmetry, most maxillofacial aspects were quite similar. The only difference was found for patients with severe asymmetry, as the individuals with Class II showed greater bilateral difference in the vertical positioning of the gonion, when compared to patients with Class III.

RESUMO Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar, por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), as características esqueléticas maxilomandibulares presentes em adultos com diferentes graus de assimetria mandibular e diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais. Métodos: foram selecionados 360 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em três grupos, com 120 indivíduos cada (Classe I, Classe II e Classe III). Cada grupo foi, ainda, subdividido de acordo com a intensidade do desvio lateral do mento: 1) simetria relativa; 2) assimetria moderada; e 3) assimetria severa. Três planos de referência foram estabelecidos nas imagens de TCFC e várias medidas foram realizadas, sendo comparadas as diferenças esqueléticas bilaterais existentes entre os graus de assimetria em cada grupo, nas diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais. Resultados: quando comparados os grupos pelos graus de assimetria, existiram diferenças significativas entre pacientes com simetria relativa e pacientes assimétricos, especialmente para a assimetria severa, sugerindo que o desvio do mento não constitui a única alteração morfológica para esses pacientes, especialmente porque uma série de medidas apresentou diferenças bilaterais significativas. Quando comparadas as relações sagitais entre si, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas, exceto para o posicionamento vertical do gônio entre as Classe II e III na assimetria severa. Conclusão: ao comparar a mesma intensidade de assimetria entre as diferentes relações esqueléticas sagitais, pouca diferença pôde ser observada. A única diferença encontrada foi em pacientes com assimetria severa, na qual os indivíduos com Classe II apresentaram maior diferença bilateral no posicionamento vertical do gônio, quando comparados àqueles com Classe III.

Superimposition of 3D maxillary digital models using open-source software

Abstract Historically, whether for research purposes or clinical monitoring, orthodontic evaluation of dental movements has been done using plaster study models and two dimensional (2D) radiographs. However, new frontiers for the diagnosis, planning and outcome assessment of orthodontic treatments have arisen, due to the revolutionary digital tools which enable a three dimensional (3D) computerized analysis of dental movements by means of digital models. However, the software for 3D analysis are often costly, resulting in limited access to orthodontists. The present study aims to describe, through a clinical case presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, a method for the superimposition of maxillary digital models using an open-source software to evaluate dental movements.

Resumo Historicamente, a avaliação ortodôntica da movimentação dentária, seja com finalidade de pesquisa, seja para monitoramento clínico, tem sido feita por meio de modelos de estudo em gesso e radiografias em duas dimensões (2D). Entretanto, com o desenvolvimento da Ortodontia digital, novas fronteiras para o diagnóstico, planejamento e avaliação dos resultados dos tratamentos ortodônticos têm surgido. Os modelos digitais possibilitam uma análise computadorizada da movimentação dentária nas três dimensões (3D); porém, os softwares usados para as análises 3D geralmente são onerosos e de limitado acesso aos clínicos. O presente artigo visa descrever um método de sobreposição de modelos 3D da arcada dentária superior utilizando um software de livre acesso para avaliar a movimentação dentária, ilustrado por um caso clínico apresentado ao Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial.

Methods used for evaluation of volume retention rate in autologous fat grafting for breast augmentation: a systematic review / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Autologous fat grafting has gained popularity in breast augmentation. Various methods can be used to estimate the volume retention rate. This systematic review aimed to establish whether the type of method used for measuring breast volume is a factor that influences the reported volume retention rate.@*Methods@#Studies were identified using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science from inception of the database up to February 2019. Articles describing autologous fat grafting for breast augmentation were selected based on pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of the included studies were summarized, and the reported volume retention rate from the studies was compared. A quality assessment of all included articles was performed using the methodological index for non-randomized studies criteria.@*Results@#A total of 618 articles were identified, of which 12 studies, with a total of 1337 cases, were eligible. The retention rate of injected adipose tissue varied when the method of fat grafting and volume analysis used were both the same, as well as when the method of fat grafting was the same but the method of volumetric evaluation used was different.@*Conclusions@#Currently, the tools available for estimating the volume retention rate come with limitations. In order to objectively evaluate the percentage of graft retention, a standard protocol that applies to the different methods should be established in the future.

Application of 3D imaging technology in preoperative evaluation of breast conserving surgery / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective: To evaluate 3D imaging technology in the preoperative evaluation of breast conserving surgery. Methods: A ret-rospective analysis was conducted using clinical data from 38 patients who underwent breast conserving surgery that was assisted by 3D imaging technology in Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology from April 2017 to January 2019. All 38 patients underwent 3.0-T breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before surgery, and 3D reconstruction of virtu-al images was constructed through 3D modeling of medical digital imaging and communication (DICOM) data. The predicted resected tissue volume was compared with the volume of the actual resected specimen, and the surgical margin and postoperative aesthetics of the breast conserving surgery were evaluated. Results: The reconstructed 3D model clearly displayed the anatomical structures of the breast, tumor, gland, and blood vessels, and their relationship in 3D spaces. The goodness of fit of the 3D model to the practical sit-uation was 97.4% (37/38). In terms of the resection tissue volume, there was no significant difference between the predicted results (PRTV) and actual results (ARTV) [(61.7 ± 20.1) mL vs. (65.1 ± 20.7) mL, P>0.05]. There was a strong positive correlation between ARTV and PRTV (P<0.01). One patient underwent supplementary secondary surgery, resulting in an incidence of 2.6% (1/38). The postopera-tive satisfaction for breast conserving surgery was 100% (38/38). Conclusions: 3D imaging technology clearly displays the anatomical relationship between breast tumor and surrounding tissues, and correctly assesses breast volume, guiding surgical resection.

Light sheet microscopy for histopathology applications

Light sheet microscopy (LSM) is an evolving optical imaging technique with a plane illumination for optical sectioning and volumetric imaging spanning cell biology, embryology, and in vivo live imaging. Here, we focus on emerging biomedical applications of LSM for tissue samples. Decoupling of the light sheet illumination from detection enables high-speed and large field-of-view imaging with minimal photobleaching and phototoxicity. These unique characteristics of the LSM technique can be easily adapted and potentially replace conventional histopathological procedures. In this review, we cover LSM technology from its inception to its most advanced technology; in particular, we highlight the human histopathological imaging applications to demonstrate LSM's rapid diagnostic ability in comparison with conventional histopathological procedures. We anticipate that the LSM technique can become a useful three-dimensional imaging tool for assessing human biopsies in the near future.

Study on safe management of 3D imaging operating laparoscope system based on the root cause analysis / 中国医学装备

Objective:To construct the preoperative examination system about equipment and its matching annex of 3D laparoscope imaging system so as to ensure normal application of equipment.Methods: The root cause analysis(RCA) was applied to solve problems that existed in the use of 3D laparoscope imaging system and to formulate the corresponding solving strategies. The functions and principles of all components of 3D laparoscopic imaging system were reviewed comprehensively. And the fishbone diagram of the cause of default was drawn to formulate solving strategies and evaluate the improvement effect. The data of 40 operations before improved measurement was implemented were divided into control group, and those after improved measurement was implemented were divided into observation group. The difference of the two group was analyzed so as to evaluate the improved effect.Results:On the basis of summarized key points of equipment and matching annex of preoperative 3D laparoscope imaging system, the RCA was applied to find the reason that lead to adverse feedback of clinical practice. Through implemented the disinfection and sterilization method with lesser damage, 3D laparoscope and its annex, the total number of adverse feedback of patients has decreased 60％.Conclusion:The established management system for safe use of 3D laparoscope imaging system which covers preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative stages can reduce the surgical risk and clinical adverse feedbacks comes from the equipment failure and inappropriate operation. Moreover, it can provide reference for the safe use and management of 3D laparoscopic imaging system.

Who Really Benefits from 3D-Based Planning of Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer?

BACKGROUND: Although intracavitary radiotherapy (ICR) is essential for the radiation therapy of cervical cancer, few institutions in Korea perform 3-dimensional (3D)-based ICR. To identify patients who would benefit from 3D-based ICR, dosimetric parameters for tumor targets and organs at risk (OARs) were compared between 2-dimensional (2D)- and 3D-based ICR. METHODS: Twenty patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who underwent external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) following 3D-based ICR were retrospectively evaluated. New 2D-based plans based on the Manchester system were developed. Tumor size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The mean high risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) D90 value was about 10% lower for 2D- than for 3D-based plans (88.4% vs. 97.7%; P = 0.068). Tumor coverage did not differ between 2D- and 3D-based plans in patients with tumors ≤ 4 cm at the time of brachytherapy, but the mean HR-CTV D90 values in patients with tumors > 4 cm were significantly higher for 3D-based plans than for 2D-based plans (96.0% vs. 78.1%; P = 0.017). Similar results were found for patients with tumors > 5 cm initially. Other dosimetric parameters for OARs were similar between 2D- and 3D-based plans, except that mean sigmoid D2cc was higher for 2D- than for 3D-based plans (67.5% vs. 58.8%; P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that 3D-based ICR plans improve tumor coverage while satisfying the dose constraints for OARs. 3D-based ICR should be considered in patients with tumors > 4 cm size at the time of brachytherapy or > 5 cm initially.

Whole-tissue 3D imaging reveals intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity regulated by NGF-TrkA signal in cold-induced beiging

Sympathetic arborizations act as the essential efferent signals in regulating the metabolism of peripheral organs including white adipose tissues (WAT). However, whether these local neural structures would be of plastic nature, and how such plasticity might participate in specific metabolic events of WAT, remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we exploit the new volume fluorescence-imaging technique to observe the significant, and also reversible, plasticity of intra-adipose sympathetic arborizations in mouse inguinal WAT in response to cold challenge. We demonstrate that this sympathetic plasticity depends on the cold-elicited signal of nerve growth factor (NGF) and TrkA receptor. Blockage of NGF or TrkA signaling suppresses intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity, and moreover, the cold-induced beiging process of WAT. Furthermore, we show that NGF expression in WAT depends on the catecholamine signal in cold challenge. We therefore reveal the key physiological relevance, together with the regulatory mechanism, of intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity in the WAT metabolism.

Digital models: How can dental arch form be verified chairside?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Plaster dental casts are routinely used during clinical practice to access maxillary dental arch form and assist on fabrication of individualized orthodontic archwires. Recently introduced, digital model technology may offer a limitation for the obtainment of a dental physical record. In this context, a tool for dental arch form assessment for chairside use is necessary when employing digital models. In this regard, paper print of the dental arch seems thus to be useful. Methods: In the present study, 37 lower arch models were used. Intercanine and intermolar widths and dental arch length measurements were performed and compared using plaster dental casts, digital models and paper print image of the models. Ortho Insight 3D scanner was employed for model digitalization. Results: No statistically significant differences were noted regarding the measurements performed on the plaster or digital models (p> 0.05). Paper print images, however, showed subestimated values for intercanine and intermolar widths and overestimated values for dental arch length. Despite being statistically significant (p< 0.001), the differences were considered clinically negligible. Conclusion: The present study suggests that paper print images obtained from digital models are clinically accurate and can be used as a tool for dental arch form assessment for fabrication of individualized orthodontic archwires.

RESUMO Introdução: os modelos de gesso são usados rotineiramente, durante a prática clínica, para avaliação da forma da arcada inferior e para auxiliar na confecção de arcos ortodônticos individualizados. A tecnologia dos modelos digitais, introduzida recentemente, pode oferecer uma limitação na obtenção de um registro físico da arcada dentária. Assim, quando se utilizam modelos digitais, faz-se necessária uma ferramenta clínica para obtenção da forma da arcada. Com essa finalidade, poderia-se imprimir, em papel, uma imagem da arcada dentária obtida a partir do modelo de gesso. Métodos: nesse estudo, 37 modelos da arcada inferior foram utilizados, nos quais foram realizadas medições das distâncias intercaninos, intermolares e comprimento da arcada; sendo, então, comparadas entre modelos de gesso, modelos digitalizados com um scanner Ortho Insight 3D e imagens impressas em folha de papel A4. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas medidas realizadas nos modelos de gesso e modelos digitais (p > 0,05). As imagens impressas, contudo, mostraram valores subestimados para as distâncias intercaninos e intermolares, e superestimados para o comprimento da arcada. Apesar de serem estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,001), as diferenças foram consideradas clinicamente insignificantes. Conclusão: o presente estudo sugere que as imagens obtidas por meio dos modelos digitais e impressas em papel são clinicamente acuradas e podem ser utilizadas como uma ferramenta auxiliar na confecção dos arcos ortodônticos individualizados.

¿Afecta una clase de Educación Física a las dimensiones del pie de los niños? / Does a Physical Education lesson affect the foot morphology in school-aged children?

Resumen: Introducción: Analizar las variaciones que se producen en las medidas morfológicas del pie de los niños escolares, tras la realización de una clase de Educación Física. Metodología: Participaron voluntariamente 10 escolares (5 niños y 5 niñas) con una media de edad de 9.3 ± 0.5 años. Se llevó a cabo la digitalización de ambos pies de manera consecutiva, a través de un escáner en 3D modelo IFU-S-01, Japón. Se calcularon las dimensiones del pie en dos momentos diferentes, antes y después de una clase de Educación Física (pre y post ejercicio) donde se realizaron diferentes actividades que implicaban desplazamientos, saltos y amortiguaciones. Resultados: Al comparar las medidas del pie antes y después del ejercicio se observaron diferencias significativas en la altura del arco plantar, que fue mayor tras la realización de actividad física (p<0.05). El ancho del antepié presentó mayores valores tras el ejercicio sin significancia estadística (p=0.07; tamaño del efecto [ES] = 0.2). Además, se observaron correlaciones positivas entre el ancho del antepié y la altura del arco (r = 0.6; p<0.05); y negativas entre la longitud del talón a la cabeza del metatarso I y el ancho del antepié (r = - 0.7; p<0.05). Conclusiones: El tipo de actividades realizadas durante la clase de Educación Física (desplazamientos, saltos y amortiguaciones) podría causar mayor presión en la zona del antepié, provocando mayor altura del arco plantar. Los sistemas de desarrollo del calzado deportivo infantil deberían tener en cuenta tanto las longitudes del pie, cómo sus anchuras y alturas, para un mejor ajuste del zapato, previniendo lesiones osteomusculares futuras.

Abstract: Background: To analyze the changes in foot morphology in school-age children, after a Physical Education lesson. Methods: A total of 10 school-age children (5 girls and 5 boys) were recruited with a mean age of 9.3 ± 0.5 years that voluntary participated in this study. Measurements of both feet were obtained using a 3D foot digitizer model IFU-S-01 (Japan) in two different moments, before and after a physical education lesson (per-exercise and post-exercise), where different activities involving displacements, jumps and landings were performed. Results: By comparing foot morphology before and after exercise, significant differences in the arch height were found, which increased after exercise (p<0.05). The ball width shows greater changes after exercise but without significant differences (p= 0.07; effect size [ES] = 0.2). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the ball width and the arch height (p<0.05) and negative correlation between the distance from the heel to the first metatarsal and the ball width (r = - 0.7; p<0.05), were observed. Conclusions: The type of activities undertaken during physical education lesson (displacements, jumps and landings) increased the pressure on the forefoot, which would lead to a lager arch height. Development of children's sport footwear systems should take into account the foot lengths, widths and heights, for a better fit, preventing future musculoskeletal injuries.

Renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection under retroperitoneoscopic in treatment of intractable chyluria:3D imaging laparoscopy vs 2D imaging laparoscopy / 临床外科杂志

Objective To assess the clinical walue of 3D retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal pedicle disconnection by comparing its clinical effects with those of traditional 2D laparoscopic.Methods Clinical data about 49 cases from our department with chyluria respectively treated by 3D retroperitoneal laparoscopic and 2D laparoscopic renal pedicle disconnection were analyzed retrospectively.They were divided into 3D group(26 cases)and 2D group(23 cases),and operated by the same salty doctor.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperation hospital stay and recurrence rate of the two group were compared.Results The operation time in 3D group[(95.2±30.3)min] was shorter than 2D group[(120.4±25.8)min,P<0.05].The intraoperative blood loss in 3D group[(30.0±12.7)ml] was less than 2D group[(55.0±21.7)ml,P<0.05].There were no difference in postoperation hospital stay between the two groups.All of the cases were not recurred.Conclusion 3D Retroperitoneoscopic renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection for treatment of chyluria is safty and feasible.3D laparoscopy provides high-quality 3D endoscopic view and facilitates precise manipulation during surgery,resulting in shorter operation time and intraoperative blood loss compared with 2D laparoscopy.

Interdisciplinary research of medical post-doctor / 医学研究生学报

Interdisciplinary research is one of the focus of sci-entific method discussion .In recent years a large number of interdiscipli-nary methods or engaged in interdisciplinary research and collaboration between scientists have won the Nobel prize , once again proved this point.Its profound, interdisciplinary research in the field of medicine it-self also embodies a new paradigm of modern medical science and explo-ration the cross disciplinary research applied to medical postdoctoral training work, aims to cultivate a group of clinicians is an excellent ex-perimental research and know the innovative medical amphibious expert.With the development of modern medicine and the current actual situation , the development of a single subject is far from enough .This article from the interdisciplinary talents cultivation idea or-igin, development of surgery and anatomy , informatics, imaging, such as the development of other disciplines and the close connection between the hot research in twenty-first century To expound the progress of medicine , the need for mutual cooperation between families , and by their respective areas of strengths together to carry out interdisciplinary research .

Validation of 3d metric and superimposition tools in three software packages for the morphological comparison of laser scanned anterior dentition models / Validação de ferramentas tridimensionais de três softwares para mensuração e sobreposição tridimensional de modelos odontológicos visando à comparação morfológica

Introduction: Few studies succeeded on demonstrating that dentitions are unique. Methodological limitations may have influenced these outcomes. Objective: The present study aims to validate software packages for comparing human dentitions. Material and methods: A pool of 40 dental casts were laser scanned (XCAD 3D®, XCADCAM Technology®, São Paulo, Brazil) and implemented in Geomagic Studio® (GS) (3D Systems®, Rock Hill, USA), Cloud Compare® (CC) (Telecom Paris Tech® and EDF®, Paris, France), and Maestro 3D Ortho Studio® (MS) (AGE Solutions®, Pontedera, Italy) software packages to evaluate metric and superimposition tools. Results: Software performances did not significantly differ (p>0.05) considering cropping, landmarking and superimposition functions. GS was more precise for detecting identical models (p>0.05. Inter and intra examiner reproducibility reached optimal outcomes. Calibration was assured for software measuring tools and scanning process. Conclusion: Both GS and CC may be used for comparing 3D anterior dentitions. However, more practical and less operator-depending procedures are available in GS.

Introdução: Poucos estudos obtiveram êxito em demonstrar a unicidade da dentição humana. Falhas metodológicas podem ter influenciado os resultados destes estudos. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou validar ferramentas contidas em pacotes de software existentes para comparar dentições humanas. Material e método: Uma amostra de 40 modelos odontológicos digitalizados (XCAD 3D®, XCADCAM Technology®, São Paulo, Brazil) foi selecionada e analisada utilizando os seguintes softwares: Geomagic Studio® (GS) (3D Systems®, Rock Hill, USA), Cloud Compare® (CC) (Telecom Paris Tech® and EDF®, Paris, France), and Maestro 3D Ortho Studio® (MS) (AGE Solutions®, Pontedera, Italy). Resultados: Os softwares não apresentaram performances com diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.05) considerando os procedimentos de recorte, colocação de pontos de referência (landmarks) e sobreposição de modelos. O software GS apresentou maior precisão para detectar modelos idênticos ((p>0.05). Testes intra e interexaminador resultaram em ótima concordância. Os softwares apresentaram ótima calibração de ferramentas métricas. Conclusão: Ambos os softwares GS e CC podem ser utilizados para comparar modelos odontológicos digitalizados. Contudo, performances mais práticas e independentes do operador podem ser alcançadas por meio do software GS.

Three Dimensional Laparoscopy Improves Surgical Performance: Comparative Study in a Cadaver

PURPOSE: Conventional laparoscopy using a two-dimensional (2D) has limited performance because of insufficient representation of the stereoscopic effect. Development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology has improved depth perception, shortened the execution time and reduced error number. This study was designed to identify the effects of 3D imaging on surgical performance for skilled professionals and surgical residents. METHODS: Two laparoscopic skills tasks, each with three repetitions, were performed by seven experienced laparoscopic surgeons, two minimally experienced laparoscopic surgeons, and three inexperienced surgical residents under both 2D and 3D conditions with two cadavers. Outcome measures were time for task completion and subjective assessment of performance. RESULTS: Suturing was completed by all participants and anchoring with V-Loc was performed by 10 participants. Suturing and anchoring time were significantly shorter with 3D laparoscopic in all participants (suturing time, p=0.011; anchoring time, p=0.005). Significant differences were observed between experienced and minimally experienced surgeons (suture time, p=0.021; anchoring time, p=0.018). There was no significant difference among inexperienced surgical residents, but they preferred 3D imaging over 2D. CONCLUSION: 3D laparoscopy is associated with a significantly shorter time for performance by experienced surgeons. Our results suggest that 3D laparoscopy will be helpful for surgeons conducting laparoscopic procedures.

Vibroacoustography for the assessment of total hip arthroplasty

OBJECTIVES: This paper proposes imaging with 3-dimensional vibroacoustography for postoperatively assessing the uncovered cup area after total hip arthroplasty as a quantitative criterion to evaluate implant fixation. METHODS: A phantom with a bone-like structure covered by a tissue-mimicking material was used to simulate a total hip arthroplasty case. Vibroacoustography images of the uncovered cup region were generated using a two-element confocal ultrasound transducer and a hydrophone inside a water tank. Topological correction based on the geometry of the implant was performed to generate a 3-dimensional representation of the vibroacoustography image and to accurately evaluate the surface. The 3-dimensional area obtained by the vibroacoustography approach was compared to the area evaluated by a 3-dimensional motion capture system. RESULTS: The vibroacoustography technique provided high-resolution, high-contrast, and speckle-free images with less sensitivity to the beam incidence. Using a 3-dimensional-topology correction of the image, we accurately estimated the uncovered area of the implant with a relative error of 8.1% in comparison with the motion capture system measurements. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the cup coverage after total hip arthroplasty has not been well established; however, the covered surface area of the acetabular component is one of the most important prognostic factors. The preliminary results of this study show that vibroacoustography is a 3-dimensional approach that can be used to postoperatively evaluate total hip arthroplasty. The favorable results also provide an impetus for exploring vibroacoustography in other bone or implant surface imaging applications. .

Preliminary Report of Three-Dimensional Reconstructive Intraoperative C-Arm in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is usually carried out under three-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic guidance. However, operative complications or bone cement distribution might be difficult to assess on the basis of only 2D radiographic projection images. We evaluated the feasibility of performing an intraoperative and postoperative examination in patients undergoing PVP by using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructive C-arm. METHODS: Standard PVP procedures were performed on 14 consecutive patients by using a Siremobil Iso-C3D and a multidetector computed tomography machine. Post-processing of acquired volumetric datasets included multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and surface shaded display (SSD). We analyzed intraoperative and immediate postoperative evaluation of the needle trajectory and bone cement distribution. RESULTS: The male : female ratio was 2 : 12; mean age of patients, 70 (range, 77-54) years; and mean T score, -3.4. The mean operation time was 52.14 min, but the time required to perform and post-process the rotational acquisitions was 7.76 min. The detection of bone cement distribution and leakage after PVP by using MPR and SSD was possible in all patients. However, detection of the safe trajectory for needle insertion was not possible. CONCLUSION: 3D rotational image acquisition can enable intra- or post-procedural assessment of vertebroplasty procedures for the detection of bone cement distribution and leakage. However, it is difficult to assess the safe trajectory for needle insertion.